Long Fuse Notes

â€Å"Truth and the Historian† Main argument This is both an introduction to the book and an essay about the causes of World War I, as seen by other historical writers and Lafore himself. He states that â€Å"World War I has become a fashion and a fad,† and, while there is nothing wrong with the topic being widely discussed, historians should be careful in using research and analyzing historical topics. The introduction outlines the sources of the conflict that later was known as the Great War. All of the events: hostilities between the great powers, competition for the sea, and expansionism: were what has led to that conflict. But Lafore also argues that no cause can be singled out as the most important, because they all contributed to the relations between European countries before 1914. Main People Luigi Albertini: an Italian journalist and politician, who studied the causes of World WarI Fritz Fischer: a German historian who published a history of German policy before and during the war Helmuth von Moltke: the German chief of staff who was afrain of a European war, but nevertheless â€Å"prepared to urge measures that he knew would bring a general war. † Outline A. World War I is among the most widely discussed topics in history 1. Myopia in history: historians see the past from the present (relativism) a. Not always the correct way of examining it b. This indicates some sense of bias 2. What happened after 1945 gives a new perspective on the events before 1914 and the war itself a. The relations of European powers led to the war b. No single country was to be blamed the most for the causes 3. Terms such as â€Å"revisionism† proved to have little significance to the evaluation of the causes of war a. They have not been guilty of planning a world war b. Historians found all the countries to be guilty in some way B. Historians like Albertini and Fischer had opposing views on the war and its participants 1. Albertini did extensive research on Germany’s role before and in the war a. He found the Germans â€Å"unquestionable guilty† of urging Austrians to attack Serbia b. He was a supporter of revisionism, but his interpretation proved to be objective 2. Fischer published a book about Germany’s role after the war a. He agreed that Germany was partially responsible . He and Albertini both accused Germany of pressuring Austria to go to war with Serbia, although there was a danger of a world war 3. At present time, the â€Å"war guilt† could be viewed much more objectively, not necessarily with blaming Germany a. Some Germans, like Moltke, feared and did not support a â€Å"general war† Chapter 1: The Lost Utopia Main Argument Omnipresent European sover eignty was a flaw in the plan for ubiquitous peace: as the country was left to make its own decisions, there was no guarantee that there would be overuses of that power. European stubborn adherence to the idea of independence caused great disputes as the international law could not deliberately enforce its rules of what an independent state could and could not do: the nations were sovereign, and thus they should be allowed to do what they believed was right. There were many different ethnic groups throughout Europe, specifically the eastern areas. With the creation of new modern states united by ethnicity, such as Germany, other ethnicities began to desire an independent state for themselves, putting Europe in a state of disagreement. Main People Giuseppe Mazzini: An Italian liberator who, like many other Liberals and Napoleon III, profoundly believed in the veracity of the notion of freedom John Stuart Mill: an English liberal who felt that the recent advance in society gave too much power to the upper class Bismarck: The emperor of Germany. He believed that Europe was unified enough after the formation of Germany and Italy Gladstone: prime minister of great Britain. He felt that many groups, such as the Irish, the Poles, and the Italians, should have their own state Outline Treaty of Vienna I. A. Nations realized that the international law should apply to all European countries as the omnipresent peace was a concern of all European nations 1. 1815 Treaty helped governments realize that additional laws to the international law should be added concerned about actions that could possibly threaten the peace and security of Europe Relationships of events to causes of WWI II. A. Most of the European countries were considered states as they were unified in language, culture, sense of nationalism etc. B. Sovereignty could lead to abuses and wars among nations as the independence left a nation uncontrollable and possible to act in any way wanted. C. The international law created to ensure that there were no abuses of sovereignty turned out to have several drawbacks D. The establishment of Great Powers as guardians of the European peace increased hostility and jealousy among nations as some of the non-Great Power nations felt hurt by their exclusion of this prestigious title. 1. However, he also mentions that this was not true for all of the countries and that these differences in single states were to be a great cause of arising disputes. . Armies, for example, could be strengthened not only as a sign of attempt to be better protected, but also as a sign of getting ready for a war. 3. Even though the nations recognized and accepted its rules, some of them still did not find it important to act with these laws and broke them severely. 4. Placing the power of maintaining peace in hands of just few countries opened a way for abuses and further violations of the international law as no one could rebel, accordingly to the international law, against the rules of Great Powers. Characterization of varying national perspectives, shifting alliances etc. III. A. During the mid-17th century, most of the European countries focused on maintaining the peace. B. As noted, the Great Powers were allied with each other by the international law that obliged them to cooperate to maintain the European peace. France, Germany, Russia, Great Britain, Austria and Italy had to work together, and as proven, quite successfully for a while. 1. Even though there were a few violations of the international laws, Germany was not one of them, which shows how through 18-19th centuries her focus was not just on defeating France and Russia. . the oncoming World War I between these nations shows what a great change in attitude they had to go through in order to get from friendly European-peace-protection into an immense war for territory. IV. Concert of Europe falling apart by 1820 A. from 1858 to 1871, only 4 wars in Europe 1. Piedmont and france attacks Austria 2. Prussia attacks Denmark, Austria, and France a. all wars were not sanctioned b. concert losing p ower B. Balance of power also prevented fighting 1. countries would not fight because other countries would get involved 2. If one country was too strong, it would be a threat to other countries V. The anomalies of the European System A. Growing strength of conservatism 1. Many liberals converted, others turned to socialism 2. Growing conflict with the upper class 3. John Stuart Mill – advancements created by modernization create problems for many people B. Other problems recognized with the national system 1. Northwestern Europe set trends for other countries to follow 2. Ireland a. part of Britain b. threat to stability of Britain i. worked with French army during war with England in1793 – 1815 ii. rowing nationalism and threat of revolution 3. France and Alsace a. Alsace had german ancestry, but the inhabitants had assimilated with France i. Germany held grudge of losing land ii. reclaimed during unification in 1871 4. Loraine a. also formerly German, but all German influence was gone b. Germany wanted it for strategic regions i. City of Metz had a strong fort and would prevent French att ack on Germany 5. loss of provinces hoped to be accepted by France but would not be a. france was the most powerful country in continental Europe b. would be threatened by a growing germany C. German state generally accepted 1. Considered similar to full French or Spanish state 2. Most political lines followed nationality D. More problems in southeast regarding nationality and politics 1. Britain and france had different ethnic groups but all generally shared similar allegience a. Ethnicity was generally not an important thing 2. Bismark felt that enough of Europe had been unified 3. Gladstone felt that almost every ethnic group should gain independence excluding eastern Europe due to an incredibly large amount of ethnicities 4. Creation of modern states creates idea of all ethnicities having their own state a. Inspires eastern nationalism E. Rumanians 1. Roman lineage 2. Contained literature, language, and culture but no political action a. controlled by Greece 3. Claimed land in Turkey in 1871 a. other provinces with Rumanians in Russia and Hungary F. Other ethnic groups in the east 1. Some, like Greeks and Serbs already had state 2. Some, like Slovenes had few requests for state 3. Other groups were so obscure that an independent state would be irrelevant G. Poland 1. Formerly a powerful state . Roman Catholic religion VI. Swallowed peoples A. The Rumanians and the Poles like many other people had been engulfed into other larger nations 1. Some like the Greeks and the Serbs had emancipated themselves into their own nations 2. Some like the Slovenes had never had their own nation and were barely stirred by a sense of nationalism 3. Still others like the Ghegs and Tosks were so small as to barely constitute a people much less a nation 4. Poland Swallowed B. Ceased to be a country after the third partition 1. Was the largest of the imprisoned nations 2. Was a homogenous nation with one language, religion and a sense of national pride 3. The Polish national pride was seen as a threat as they had erupted in revolt in Russia three times by 1863 4. In Germany Poles remained a silent yet resentful minority C. In Austria the Poles received little change in their functioning lives and were allowed to keep the their cultural traditions and were therefore less resentful 1. Poland Unifies Nations 2. Though the Poles created problems singly for each of the empires that held them collectively the division of Poland acted as a unifying force among the three empires 3. The common fear of Polish rebellion during and after the revolt of 1863 caused Bismarck and Germany to offer German Support 4. Because Germany supported Russia in the Revolt of 1863 Russia supported Germany in their attack on France in 1870 5. Poland though non-existent was one of the most important factors in national relations 6. Conservatives viewed freeing Poland as something that would cause war and also realized that the status quo in which there was no Poland was also a cause for war, where as the liberals sought determination of all peoples as an end above peace 7. In 1870 the conservatives had the more practical point of view 8. Because of the diversity of the eastern European peoples and the conflicting interests of the major powers sorting them into nations would be a near impossible task 9. All the eastern European peoples were nicely divided into the powers Russia, Germany, Austria, and Turkey D. Weaknesses in the Conservative position 1. The empires in which many peoples were contained could not achieve internal accord 2. The empires containing many peoples could not act in harmony with each other as their interests usually in conflict 3. Russia and Austria especially held distain for each other after the Russian Army aided the Austrian government in suppressing the 1848 revolt and the Austrian army did not return the favor in the Crimean war E. Turkey The Sick Man of Europe 1. The ridged structure of the Ottoman Empire did not allow for the government to progress with the times and it fell in to a weak and antiquated state 2. The increased sense of national pride spread like wild fire among the diverse peoples of the Ottoman Empire meaning the people became ever more difficult to control G. Nationalism: a means to an end 1. Formerly Nationalism had been a liberal ideal 2. all peoples should have self determination and national pride was a means to that end 3. However when the power of nationalism was realized the conservatives of Europe adopted nationalism for their own end 4. with national pride strengthening an empire the people of the empire are more willing to fight to empower the empire H. Pan-Slavism 1. Nationalism on the basis of racial brotherhood: the Slavs were of the same racial descent and were divided in to many little subdivisions too small to justify nations therefore it seemed logical to combine them all in to one pan-Slavic state 2. Initially Pan-Slavism was a liberal movement for the determination of many people into one nation however with Russian Pan-Slavism it would be reborn into a conservative goal I. Russian Pan-Slavism 1. Invented by Nicholas Danilevsky 2. Pan-Slavism with the entirety of the Slavic states under the rule of the Russian Empire 3. Turned a Liberal ideal into a Conservative end in that it empowered an already great empire rather than called for self determination of Slav peoples Chapter 2: The Austria Anomaly Main Argument Lafore goes on to discuss the things that make up the ‘Austrian Anomaly’; basically, why Austria was so different than the other Great Powers of Europe. Lafore states that the other powers were constructed on a basis of nationality, whereas Austria was not, and major threats came in 1914 by the forces exercised by the minorities in nation states, and Austria consisted entirely of minorities. He then goes on to discuss the dual- monarchy of Austria-Hungary, and how that change in the division of power further changed the world view of Austria. The nationalities stated are accompanied by their qualities and affiliations and the amount in each section of A-H. The maps are significant because they attribute to the argument that nationalities in A-H wanted to be reunited with their home countries right over the border. Main People Austria Hungary: The nation was militarily strong and influential amongst the other European powers. However, unlike those countries, Austria Hungary was not united by a single cultural identity, but divided by cultural barriers. Magyars: These were a distinct and powerful group of people who managed to preserve a seemingly immortal system of political tradition Germans: They were the most populous and according to history the most native to the land in both Austria and Hungary. They were typically landowners, townsmen, and civil servants. Czechs: They were the second most common minority, numbering a little less than 5 million. They had been endowed with Bohemian reign before, and under Habsburg rule, desired more recognition and respect of their ethnicity. Ruthenes: Around 3 million, they lived in the eastern parts of the country and shared many similarities with Ukrainians in terms of culture and ancestry. Poles: There were about 2 and a half million Poles living in Austria, but they were absent in Hungary. Their extensive history and prominence provided them the foundation for national pride, like with other Eastern European ethnicities. Rumanians: There were about 3 million Rumanians who resided in Hungary. They were less active in controlling their own affairs, often under the rule of dominating Magyars. Serbo-Croats: Half a million of them lived in Austria, where as more than 2 million lived in Hungary. While bound by common ancestry, the culture of the two factions was very different. The Serbs experienced brief independent success, but later on faced foreign rule by the Turkish and of course the Habsburg. They were generally oppressed and neglectful of modern ideals and lifestyles. Croats on the other hand had a more sophisticated reputation and level of independence. Though as Magyars began to abuse power, loyalty waned. Habsburg Monarchy: It was the oldest dynasty in Europe, having a long history that was bound to the Romans and one that was against the Turks. It dealt with many domestic disputes that severely weakened its influence later on. What did preserve an otherwise antiquated and sometimes abusive source of power was its regal legacy and the emollient properties of the state. For the most part, it was prosperous and progressive. Austrian constitution: It disregarded the diversity of the nation and primarily functioned on political prompts that were intended for united countries. Karl Lueger: He was a charismatic mayor of Vienna who integrated socialism, anti-Semitism, Catholicism, and controversial politics. Socialists and Catholics: These were popular political parties in the imperial parliament who objected to secession and partitioning. Both wanted extreme reforms in social order and economic agenda, and often criticized the aristocracy. Archduke Francis Ferdinand: He was very oppressive of the Hungarians and sympathetic towards southern Slavs. This sentiment would initiate an impending eruption of Slavic discontent. Outline I. Main Facts and Events: A. 1860: The Hapsburg Monarchy was defeated by the combined armies of the French and the Piedmontese and had been obliged to abandon its richest province: Lombardy, in the Po Valley. B. 1866: Austria was attacked by the rival Prussian Army and decisively defeated. C. 1867: Austria ceased to be either a German or Italian power. D. After 1866: internal changes were necessary, and so, the dual-monarchy was created, by establishing a state within Austria, known as Hungary, and ruled by the Magyar people, done officially in 1867. II. Relationship(s): A. Lafore makes the connection between the multi-nationality of Austria-Hungary, and the way in which this fueled the war. He says that because Austria was so diverse, and consisted wholly of minorities, the other nations didn’t view Austria as a nation, or take them seriously, and this lack of recognition influenced Austria’s dislike of the other powers and drove them into the arms of a German alliance whereupon Germany pushed them into war. B. Lafore also brings up the fact that because of the dual-monarchy, decision making was extremely slow, and therefore affected how soon, or in actuality, how long it took for Austria- Hungary to decide to declare war. III. National Perspectives: A. The other Great Powers in Europe, because of Austria’s multi-nationality, didn’t view Austria as a nation, because it â€Å"consisted of the anomalies† that made the other powers uncomfortable. B. In Austria, there wasn’t one single national view, or actual national pride, because of the wide diversity; each group within itself, however, was very nationalistic, basing political affiliation upon nationality. C. Although the Magyars rose up and were granted their own state, not every other nationality was like that; many were content to be included in Austria, and didn’t feel the need to push for their own state. IV. Main Facts and Events with Dates: 1870 the change of the Habsburg Monarchy to the Dual Monarchy of A-H. V. Relationship of events to causes of WWI as identified by Lafore: A. Lafore contributed the declaration of war on Serbia by Austria-Hungary as the main cause of the outbreak of WWI. B. The declaration of war followed the declining of the ultimatum as a response to the assassination of Franz Ferdinand. C. Franz Ferdinand was assassinated because his views on the unification of all Serbs into A-H and creating a Tri-Monarchy. D. This was such a problem because the Serbs in A-H were very discontent with their position because they were bullied and oppressed by the Magyars, and wished to be reunited with Serbia. Which can all be traced from this section with the stating of nationalities and their relationships with the others. VI. Characterization of varying national perspectives, alliance shifts, etc. A. This section gives light to the nationalities and their problems in A-H 1. The majority of nationalities were subject to oppression by those of higher intelligence like the Magyars and the Germans. 2. The majority of nationalities were Catholic, and Rome was in A-H so they felt obliged to be loyal to A-H for that fact. 3. The Magyars took control of the Dual Monarchy to make all their wishes true at the expense of all the other nationalities. VI. Strength of Austria Hungary A. Problems 1. Problems always existed in Southeastern Europe 2. Greeks and Serbs win independence 3. Clashing political ideaologies; liberals, Catholics B. Religious differences between Austria and Turkey 1. Balkans were more willing to be ruled by Christians; Turkey was Muslims 2. Identifies Austria as the defender of Christianity C. Prosperity 1. Development of light industry and trade a. creates wealth b. auses divisions between industrious west and agrarian east 2. Several problems with industry a. Hungary was agrarian; bread basket b. Austria was industrious i. strengthens the divide between Magyars and Germans c. New parties were created i. already bad implementation of democracy ii. 22 political parties iii. allows nationalism and religion to dominate the country Chapter 3 Main Argument 1. The unification of Germany in 1871 greatly altered the balance of power in Europe. Bismarckian diplomacy broke down soon after Bismarck’s dismissal in 1890, however it allowed for Germany’s strong alliance with Austria. Two crises demonstrated the fragility of the Three Emperor’s League, first one in 1875 when Bismarck became alarmed by the revival of the French from the defeat five years earlier and seemed to be planning another war, and the second in 1876 during the revolution against the Turkish rule. Russians declared war on Turkey, but they were accused of illegal action and summoned before a court by the Powers. The Russians helped with the creation of Great Bulgaria, hoping that the Bulgars will later on be thankful to them and allow them access to Constantinopole and the Straits. The Russians establishment at the gate of Constantinople, and on the shores of the Aegean was a threat to Austria. Bismarck believed that the Balkans could cause trouble to anyone who controlled them, and Germany’s interest should be in maintaining good relations with both Russia and Austria to make sure they stay in the majority of three great powers. Milan Obrenovich proposed to sell Serbia to the Habsburg Monarchy, if the transaction would’ve occurred, the Monarchy would have included the majority of the Southern Slavs and would be in position of dominance. Because both Austria and Germany required peace and the maintenance of existing boundaries, and both had the achieve them through treaties to bind their friends and neutralize their enemies they were able to form a successful alliance based on their similar goals. Germany feared the attack by France, Austria feared all their neighbors and their alliance formed a diplomatic bloc, and a very impressive military unity. Addition of Italy to the Austro German Alliance was very significance, and Italy’s reasons for joining were based on domestic political concerns. 2. The creation of the Bulgarian state upset the balance Europe had achieved in the 1880s. The German prince atop the Bulgarian throne lost popularity by attempting to control Bulgaria, annex Eastern Rumelia, and destroy Serbia. He was forced to abdicate and replaced by another German prince. Russia, angered, disrupted the Three Emperor’s League. France and Russia swore a secret alliance, at the time where Russia attempted to industrialize. Main People J Otto von Bismarck The Chancellor of Germany, he oversaw the unification in 1871 and dominated its affairs until his dismissal in 1890 J Milan Obrenovich The Prince of Serbia, had a suspicion that the Serbs wanted to assassinate him, he preferred to live in Vienna and offered to sell Serbia to the Habsburg Monarchy Outline 1. Bismarck dismissed, 1890 a. Bismarckian diplomacy broke down; system of alliances faltered b. Bismarck’s Europe had Germany surrounded by allies c. Bismarck says, â€Å"Don’t get involved in the Balkans† 2. Turkey was the Sick Man of Europe 3. Reinsurance Treaty, 1887 (Russia, Germany would remain neutral in wars involving one or the other), contradicted the Austrian Alliance 4. Franco-Russian Alliance, 1894 B. Causes of WWI 1. Combination of Wilhelm’s inexperience, Russia’s greed caused them to clash over the Balkans 2. Bulgarian creation and monarchial maintenance; Russia angry at Germans, Bulgarians 3. Austro-Hungarian composition; its existence as not one nation state C. Characterization 1. After Bismarck’s dismissal, the â€Å"balance of power† set up by Bismarck’s careful alliances, fell apart 2. Britain did not see the need for Germany to get involved in the Balkans 3. Bismarck specifically said that Germany should not get involved in the Balkans 4. Wilhelm’s inexperience caused Russia and France to become closer as allies Chapter 4 Main Argument 1. It was Germany’s principal interest to assure the isolation of France and in 1894 this objective was defeated by the Franco-Russian Alliance. Germany was a federal empire restricted in its powers. The King of Prussia was also German Emperor. Reichstag was authorized to approve or reject new taxes. The monarchy and a great many private citizens were making a proud connection between the imposing military reputation of Prussia and the welfare. The chancellor, faced with the opposition of powerful opponents in the Reichstag, was given to invoking patriotism and the glory of the army in order to induce voters to vote for the right parties. The Daily Telegraph episode was a public scandal that shook German confidence in the throne. Germany, the greatest military power in Europe in 1871, was by 1914 the leading industrial power. The Navy League was influential, and the Pan-Germanists and the racists were not in any way peculiarly German phenomena. France and Russia were regarded as Britain’s neutral enemies, Britain and Germany were traditionally friendly, and Prussia and Britain had fought together in the two greatest wars of British history- the Seven Years War and the Napoleonic War. Germany had supplied Britain’s dynasty and most of its rulers’ consorts, and the German Empress was a British princess. Germany’s potential enemies, the French and the Russians occupied Egypt in 1882. Germany but not Great Britain possessed a large army and if the British wanted an alliance, they were welcome to join the Triple Alliance. The British had no interest in Germany’s Continental rivalries, the secret commitment of the Triple Alliance. 2. One of the main points that Lafore is making in this passage concerns the fact that the encirclement of Germany was caused due to the increasing closeness of British and French relations and to an extent the Russians, as well as Italy straying from the Triple Alliance. In order to break these relations, Germany created a crisis, the Moroccan Crisis, in order to try to force Britain to publicly abandon the French. This only caused a strengthening in Anglo-French affairs since in the Algeciras conference that followed the crisis, the two countries banded together with Italy against Germany for oppressing Moroccan independence. The naval disputes between Germany and Britain also helped alienate the two since they posed alarm and threats to one another. The Triple Entente also came about when an Anglo-Russian Agreement was signed which also strengthened the encirclement around Germany, but was viewed lightly since they Germans did not believe it could last very long. The geographical encirclement of Germany with these new diplomatic relations, did not cause the war but it did represent a breakdown of German relations with the British and Italians which left Germany with only one weaker potential ally. Main People 1. Friedrich von Bernhardi Wrote â€Å"Germany and the Next War† 2. William II An arrogant and foolish autocrat 3. Heinrich von Treitschke Historian with armed conquest and the military virtues. 4. HolsteinaGerman Foreign Office director was a Memphis-tophelean figure, who retired in 1909, left a mark on German policy. 5. Protector of Islam Saved the British from defeat in South Africa. 6. Theophile Delcasse French foreign minister that was forced to resign. 7. Chancellor von Bulow German Chancellor who arranged the Moroccan crisis. 8. Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz Secretary of the German Navy- alarmed the British with his plan for German advance in navy. 9. Edward VII New successor to the English throne who disliked Germany and his German relatives and was fond of the Paris of the gilded age. He exerted strong influence to secure the appointment of pro-French and anti-German diplomats to important posts and in theForeign Office. He represented the Francophilia arising in England. Main Events 1. Germany’s main goal was to isolate France –In 1894, this goal was shut down b/c of the Franco-Russian alliance 2. Devised by Bismarck in 1866 – intended to permit the Chancellor to neutralize his domestic enemies, facilitate Germany unification by bribing its opponents w/political favors 3. In 1871, Germany was the greatest military power. By 1914, Germany was the leading industrial power 4. 1894 – Germany was faced with the diplomatic combination of France and Russia. Franco Russian alliance would not be fatal in a war if GB remained neutral. Russia were regarded as Britain’s natural enemies, Britain and traditionally friendly and Prussia and Britain had fought together greatest wars of British history 5. 1901-Queen Victoria dies. France and Germany were in the two 6. Edward VII takes over from Queen Victoria in 1901. When he took over, he exerted a strong influence so as to secure the appointment of pro-French and anti-German diplomats to important posts abroad and in the Foreign office. 7. Francophilia started spreading throughout the British cabinet, starting with Edward VII as a result of his changes to the cabinet. 8. Franco-British relationships began improving after Edward took over, and a diplomatic agreement was reached in 1904 in which France recognized and accepted British occupation of Egypt and the British recognized the French interest in Morocco. 9. In 1900, the French allowed the Italians to take Libya, and the Italians allowed France to take Morocco. 10. When the triple entente was renewed in 1902, both Italy and France agreed to remain neutral if either side was attacked by another power. 11. Germany saw the potential for an alliance between Britain and France, and wanted to prevent this in order to preserve the Triple alliance. 2. Von Bulow forced the German emperor to meet with the Sultan while he was on a cruise in the Mediterranean, so as to test the alliance between Britain and France. The visit itself showed German indication to protect Morocco against Frenchdesigns. 13. A conference was called in Berlin to consider French violations in regulating its position of power in Morocc o which met in Algeciras in January 1906. When the conference ended three months later, the result was France being recognized ashaving special rights, and therefore allowed to organize The Moroccan police and finances. 4. 1897: The first German navy bill was passed, which provided for the construction of 19 powerful German battleships to be built over a period of 5 years. This, along with Alfred von Tirpitz’s â€Å"risk theory† would create a threat against the British which showed the German defiance of Britain. 15. The British building of the Dreadnought was further cause for the naval rivalry forming between the two nations. 16. The defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese war subtracted it from the ranks of the Great powers in 1905. 17. The Anglo-Russian agreement was signed in August, 1907. B. Causes of WWI 1. If the Germans had chosen Russia as an alliance, instead of Austria, then French and Austria would have formed an alliance and the encirclement would have been more real 2. Strengthened Franco-British relations in the early 20th century would spurn alliances and turn Germany into a common threat for both nations. 3. The Anglo-German maritime rivalries that began to arise in the early 20th century would serve to raise British alarm against Germany and deteriorate Anglo-German relations. 4. The defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese war would give way for the Anglo-Russian agreement, which would seal the fate of encirclement for Germany in the upcoming war. With three of the great powers allied, little actions which would spurn Germany to go to war, would essentially cause the other three nations to go to war as well. C. Characterization 1. Politicians in Russia, France, and Great Britain stressed the intentions and legitimate interests of their own countries, friends, and allies. 2. No clear line btwn the spheres of the executive authority and the parliament 3. Germany’s potential enemies, the French and the Russians a most impotent = the French 4. Edward VII was a powerful Francophile as well as anti-German who made it his duty to spread his ideals in the British office when he took over to appoint diplomatswhich shared his views as well. This would come to alter to decisions and nationalistic views in the decade before the outbreak of war. With the new changes in perspective of Britain, a French alliance did not seem too far off, as it did say a decade before. 5. Both Britain and France began seeing Germany more and more as a threat, and this strengthened the alliance between the two. 6. Germany wanted to prevent a Franco-British alliance at any cause, and tried to do so by provoking the Moroccan crisis. The Purpose of the crisis was to get the British to publicly abandon the French, as well as to show an awesome display of German power and prestige in world affairs. 7. With the German failure in the First Moroccan crisis, Germany became more encircled than before, with France and Britain now standing together against German interests as well as the breakdown of Anglo-German relations. 8. The naval rivalry that was forming between Britain and Germany would give rise to alarm within both nations, which was seen through the reation of alarmist pamphlets and schools in both nations which somewhat demonized the other. This would only serve for Anglo-German relations to deteriorate further. 9. With the defeat of the Russians in the Russo-Japanese war, Germany became more threatening to Britain as it now no longer had to fear an eastern enemy, and this gave rise for a revo lution in Anglo-Russian relations. 10. Because Germany could no longer count on the neutrality of the Great powers in the event of war, Germany sought to reach an understanding with Turkey. Chapter 5 Main Argument From pages 141-151, Lafore examines Serbians role leading up to war and how it impacted other nations. Lafore argues that Serbian involvement, beginning with the assassination of their King is what eventually kick started the string of events followed by Austrian involvement and then German actions leading to the outbreak of World War I. Some Serbian events that Lafore argues impacted the war are the assassination of their king, Austro Russian affairs in Serbian government, European involvement in Macedonia, The Pig War, Montenegro, and the Yugoslav Club. All of these events made up the beginnings of the downward spiral in the order of Europe eventually leading to war. From P. 152-161: The Bosnian crisis brought Europe closer to the brink of war. Russia and Austria became enemies because each had competing claims for territory and influence in the Balkans. Austria wanted to stop its slow decline and preserve its status as a great power by taking more belligerent action in the Balkans. On the other hand, the Russians wanted to show they were still powerful, after their defeat by Japan, by trying to gain more influence in the Balkans. Russia and Austria almost went to war and the resulting peace confrence exacerbated the tensions and divides between the Central powers and the Triple Entente. From P. 165-179: The Turkish Revolution of 1908 is an attempt to once again revive the Ottoman empire, overthrowing the tyrannical Sultan Abdul Hamid in order to eliminate corruption in gov’t but has failed. The Great Powers still continue to weigh in affairs and corruption remains. The Balkan states seize opportunity to liberate the minorities under Turkish rule. Russia is the main supporter for these minorities and wants to take an offensive battle against Turkey so that it can gain warm water ports in Black Sea, wanting to elevating its dominance in Europe and increasing trade. Rebellions take place in 1912 (further degrading the Ottoman empire) which poses an opportunity for the Balkan states to attack. These events start the first Balkan war and the now independent countries take hold of the majority Turkish territory besides Constantinople. The Bulgarians are given very little compensation and Serbs expand which the Hagsburg empire detests. From 179-187: The Bosnian Crisis was a crisis with critical effects that set into motion events that would have an immediate effect on the coming of World War One. Lafore argues that the Bosnian Crisis begins military planning between Austria-Hungary and Germany in which Germany becomes more supportive of Austria-Hungary because of the rise of Slavdom and the encirclement of Germany. Germany was looking to solidify its alliances as its military position became direr. Also nationalist groups in Serbia begin to form such as the Black Hand and The People’s Union. These groups will be responsible for mounting tensions between the Serbians and the Austro-Hungarians. Main People Young Turks: secular revolutionaries who wanted to revive the Ottoman empire by reform in gov’t New Russian Foreign Minister: want Russia to a protector again. Encourages the Serbs to nationalize and provide offensive against Turkey. Archduke Francis Ferdinand: wanted to unite the Slavs together against the dislike of the Magyars. Poincare: He is the PM and Foreign Minister of France in 1912. He wanted a general war with Germany in order to gain Alsace Lorraine back. Conservative and nationalist figure. His policies are urged by revenge. Outline I. The Bones of a Pomeranian Grenadier a. June 1903= Serbian officers assassinated their king and queen i. Lafore uses language to suggest that the assassination was very messy and in turn upset the entire balance of events in Europe ii. Assassination ending up effecting the Austrian state which in turn effected the German army which in turn effected what mattered to mankind b. Serbia i. Serbia very rural population; capital=Belgrade ii. House of Karageorgevich=Prince Peter scion in 1903 ii. Prince Peter=elderly intelligent man who lived in exile iv. Other house was House of Obrenovich=occupied the throne through King Alexander II=young man of indifferent talents, doubtful morals, and bad political judgement v. His wife caused much hatred from the population 1. Lafore uses sharp language to describe the disposition of her in the public eye vi. Kings throne not secure=dependent upon Austrian support and fr iendship with the Russians Group Outline—Pages 141-204: 18â€Å"The Long Fuse† Group Outlines Ms. Johnson 2010-2011 ii. Alexander attempted to please both the liberal and radical party=led to contradictions of himself in governmental opinions; Liberals eventually turned against him viii. Russians supported radical and Austrians supported Liberals c. Austro-Russian affairs i. Austria attempted to persuade Russia that neither of them should meddle in Serbian affairs that put them at a disadvantage ii. Austrian Foreign Minister Agenor von Goluchowski suggested that Austria could eventually annex smaller nations and Russia could do the same iii. Russia declined this proposal but signed an agreement to maintain the exsisting order of things d. Russian Foreign Minister Count Lamsdorf assured Austria that they were too busy with eastern affairs to be involved in Serbian relations i. At the same time, Russia remained quietly involved in Serbia and supporting the Radicals e. The quiet Austro-Russian affairs benefited the new Serbian government i. The new Serbian government was very much hostile, radical, and revolutionary ii. Peter Karageorgevich was brought in and installed as the new ing=promised to maintain a good relationship with his neighbors as long as he was supported iii. Government needed to be nationalistic if it was to stay in power=started to depend on Russia and created Austrophobia f. Macedonia was in great need of reform i. Serbia too control and hoped for Russian support ii. Russians to busy in the East to give proper support g. Mursteg Punctation i. Accepted by Ottoman government; allowed for policing of Macedon ia by major powers h. Russia was defeated in the far east i. They hurt themselves even more by continuing to meddle in Serbian affairs and eing unwilling to cooperate with Austria ii. Supported Rusphile Nikola Pashitch as Prime Minister iii. Relations between Austria-Hungary and Serbia in declining spiral i. The Pig War and the Rise of Pan-Serbism i. Serbia tied commercially to the Austro Hungarian empire=not economically good for Serbia ii. Serbia attempted to end this dependence=first major sep was signing of customs treaty with Bulgaria in 1905 iii. Austrian responded in 1906 by stopping all Serbian livestock imports iv. Led to struggle called the Pig War which lasted five years with short interruptions; he Austrians were determined to show the Serbs they had more power and Serbia was determined to be economically free j. Serbia took their markets elsewhere i. They succeeded and actually gained more revenue than before the Pig War making them extremely confident ii. Serbian succe ss greatly surprised and angered the Austrians iii. It create a divide in their monarchy and made them upset because they believed tat a greater Serbia would be harmful iv. Austria in turn made the Serbs excessively sensitive to trade routes v. Serbia wanted a railroad straight to the Adriatic sea as a direct ommercial outlet but Austria opposed it Montenegro became a Serbian enemy i. After once being an ally of Serbia, Montenegro became an enemy=Serbia attempted to murder their Prince ii. Prince Nicholas had made himself unpopular with his own people iii. Montenegro suspected Serbia and informant from the Serbian Ministry of War gave them information that confirmed these suspicions iv. Incident showed extremes Serbs were willing to go to push for South Slav Liberation Yugoslav Club i. One of many nationalist societies beginning to flourish in Serbia ii. The only reason these groups effected Austro-Serb relations was the Pig War and pan-Serb impact on the monarchy iii. Two meetings of Slav politicians at Fiume and Zara demanding full rights of self- government for Austrian Slavs and to end the dual system that enabled Magyars to oppress them iv. Vienna government began to contemplate extreme measures v. Extreme measures were about to be taken and the lesson was learned that there was no point wasting time in economic affairs vi. The long Bosnian crisis began in the autumn of 1908=illuminated the existing tensions and realities and produced new ones

Discovery and Conquest of America was achieved through the heroic acts of great men, is this myth or reality?

Before I discuss my stand about this matter, let me first tackle myth. As the definition, Myth (mythos) is a sacred story concerning the origins of the world or how the world and the creatures in it came to have their present form. The active beings in myths are generally gods and heroes. Myths often are said to take place before recorded history begins. In saying that a myth is a sacred narrative, what is meant is that a myth is believed to be true by people who attach religious or spiritual significance to it. Use of the term by scholars does not imply that the narrative is either true or false.A Myth in popular use is something that is widely believed to be false. This usage, which is often pejorative, arose from labeling the religious myths and beliefs of other cultures as being incorrect, but it has spread to cover non-religious beliefs as well. Because of this usage, many people take offense when the religious narratives they believe to be true are called myths. This usage is f requently confused with fiction, legend, fairy tale, folklore, fable, and urban legend, each of which has a distinct meaning in academia.If we will discuss myth further, and if we will elaborate this into details, as stated, it takes place before recorded history begins. So most likely, there is no basis or proof that it really happened in the past. And it is much easier to make a certain claim or story because nobody have experienced or witnessed such event. And the creative mind of writers/people is indeed very useful. Writers or story makers can give some scenario, a make-believe story that eventually, readers or listeners will claim as a real thing that occurs or took place somewhere else in the world somewhere back in time.How many myths and stories like this have roamed around the globe? Some where even taught in most schools and universities. And we are all quite interested in hearing or listening to such stories, because our imagination is at work. Then we begin to wonder, t o share it to others and eventually, hold to it as the truth. Now, let’s define reality. In everyday usage, it means â€Å"the state of things as they actually exist. † Reality is something that really happened or is happening. Most of the important or significant happenings are documented so it will be preserved and nobody will and can question its existence and or occurrence.Most of it nowadays are being broadcast, televised, exposed and presented to the world using communication mediums. Now, let me have my stand. Heroic acts of great men cannot be claimed as myth. It is a reality. It is in the history. How would we ever named some of them and make a story about their battles and their respective lives and contributions in the entire country if we really don’t have any basis or something to claim as their â€Å"walks† during their time? Where did historians get their stories behind the past events?How writers of different ages, races derived their resp ective write-ups and claims if they don’t have any research or basis in writing such things? We cannot say that it was merely frictional or due to their abundant and wild imaginations, though we know that human beings are highly intellectual. And a lot of discoveries around the world are eminent to all races, that would enlighten and give people the hint or idea of what happened in the past or what people in the early years have or experienced before they vanished in the surface of earth.Heroic acts are not merely the act of giving someone’s life for the sake of something bigger. It is not always the act of doing something great, it is not always visible in the naked eyes. Sometimes or there are times that silence is indeed the act itself of heroism, of course it depends on the situation. And heroism is not measured on how small or big it is, so long that action was done with love and dedication for something worthwhile. Let’s have the Philippines as a clear exa mple for this matter. We all know that there was a lot of invasion in the above mentioned country.But there were those great man who stand out and fight to get the freedom of their beloved country. To name a few, there is Jose Rizal who used his brilliant mind in writing to awaken the heart of his fellow Filipinos to fight against Spaniards, Andres Bonifacio, Lapu-Lapu, GOMBURZA (Gomez, Burgos and Zamora) and a lot more. Their acts of heroism are of different forms and ways. But still, they made a difference. In America, there are as well great heroes. To name some, there is John Ordroneauxre who fought the British in 1812; Haym Salomon who was the financier of the revolutionary war; Col.Leon Dyer who served the country in the three wars; Major Leopold Blumenberg who was a hero of the civil war and a lot more, in different fields, of different ways of showing their heroic acts for the country with arms wide-open. Furthermore, let’s have the exploration of Christopher Columbus , if he and his men do not have any single heroic acts in their lives during their time, they will never discover land for territorial expansion. We all know that exploration took place not just for days but of years.And those men spent their lives for such thing even if they don’t know if they will be successful or not. And yes they made it. October 12, 1492 is indeed a time they will never forget, the date they discovered America. From there on and up to the present, we all know that a lot of men devoted their lives for the love of country. Ups and downs come and go but still, America stands still. Now going back to the main issue of the discovery and conquest of America that was achieved through the heroic acts of men as a reality and not as a myth, let’s have the existence of Thanksgiving.If there is no single heroic act in the past, if there is no reason to be thankful, so why is that so that America have this Thanksgiving which usually celebrated on the second to the last week of November? It is not merely for thanking the Almighty God for all His blessings and guidance for the whole year round but as well as for commemorating the whole heroic acts of all individuals who in one way or another make America a successful and abundant country in most aspect, in all aspect. Nowadays, what is America? In the world, America is the powerful and strong nation. Great leaders ruled America.Even having some unexpected issues and battles, America remains standing. Untouched and undivided. How come? Merely because, there is those men with open arms who are very much willing to give their lives for the country without asking or waiting for anything in return. There is still and always those man who are very much willing to give something, small or big, special or not that would make a difference. I guess that’s all that matters. And that heroic act will always be there, until the end of time. We can never question that. It is something that sometim es heart could only understand.As to scholars of our times that question the issue of heroic act of some great men, maybe they have their own point of view. Maybe they have unsatisfied curiosity, maybe some of their questions were not clearly answered. We cannot please everybody nor to persuade them to believe in something that they really don’t believe. Maybe they need some proof. Or maybe, they just wanted historians/writers to prove their respective work a reality and not just mere a story to tell or something that will catch the whole world’s attention. People are entitled to hold on to their own opinion. Let’s just respect each other’s point of view.

In what ways has Internet changed fashion journalism Essay

In what ways has Internet changed fashion journalism - Essay Example The paper tells that social technologies are no longer a niche market of lifestyle activities for the user of the Internet. Blogs, video-sharing applications and social networks are becoming mainstream activities globally, thus changing the methodology of relationship with media and fashion. The mainstream properties of Internet usage are dominating the distribution and flow of information in very wide demographic audiences. Traditional fashion journalism, such as fashion magazines, provided limited opportunities for gaining market interest or disseminating information as these sources of journalism were targeted as specific, homogenized groups of potential buyers that were restrained through geographics. Fashion industry marketers now have a much broader audience to target using blogs, Facebook, YouTube and Twitter (as several examples) in order to promote their information and products. The mainstream aspects of Internet usage no longer constrain the fashion industry in gaining mar ket interest, which can lead to higher profitability or establish a quality fashion brand. Traditional fashion journalism relied on cultural intermediaries, individuals in society â€Å"who transmit information from those engaged in the creative and production processes of fashion design to consumers†. These include photographers, journalists, ad agencies, salespersons and celebrity models. Cultural intermediaries bring value to the fashion content or marketing strategy as it relates to targeting customers or providing valuable fashion information. For instance, the usage of celebrity models gains sales advantages from the consumer culture under social learning theory. This theory describes that individuals in society will model the beliefs or behaviours of role models who are deemed credible and attractive in the eyes of the receiver so long as they witness the model being rewarded for these actions (Neubert, Carlson, Kacmar, Roberts and Chonko, 2009). This has been one of the fundamental aspects of providing equity and value for fashion journalists as the legitimacy, in the eyes of society, of the cultural intermediaries provides reproduction of similar values and attitudes. This has, traditionally, led to higher sales for fashion merchandise through fashion journalism and associated print or televised media. The Internet, despite those who believe it is eroding traditionalism in fashion journalism, is still modelled against the value of cultural intermediaries. Why is this? Consider the fashion blog as a relevant example. Fashion blogs allow for interactive commentaries to be posted by a variety of consumers where compliments or complaints can be searched by hundreds of thousands (if not millions) of Internet users worldwide. â€Å"Peers listen to and trust these reviews† (Fichter, 2007: 27). Under Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, a model that is intended to serve as a template for universal foundational motivations and needs, individuals in society are motivated by affiliation with peer groups (Gambrel and Cianci, 2003). The fundamental needs for a sense of

DC-Batman CASE STUDY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

DC-Batman - Case Study Example All products under this conglomerate bear this brand. To some DC may be referred to as the home of the â€Å"superstars† as coined in the 1974 logo or of heroes. Among its most featured productions’ are superman and batman. For the purpose of this assessment, we will focus on batman in the comic, movie and animation platforms. These three platforms provide the chronology in the making of the batman character ever since its inception in 1939 by its developer Bob Kane with the help of his writer Finger among others. The success of the batman franchise is unprecedented with it appearing in many platforms i.e. comics, television series, movies, books, animated series among others. Batman revolves around a caped vigilante who fights crime and evil in his city. The comic, the movie and the animation all follow this storyline and strong links can be found to relate the three platforms. Criticism about the divergence of the numerous platforms in the depiction of the batman character is common. The result of the cross media presentation on acceptance and relationship of fans is a matter of interest. The relation of current productions to the o riginal 1939 comics is of interest. Batman is a fictional story created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger. The mystery man, based on Da Vinci’s ornithopter was a mortal vigilante in contrast to the superhuman superman (Chris and Scott 2009, 9). With the success of the superman comic, Kane in 1939 conjured a hero to rival superman. Initially, Kane wrote humour stories for Iger Publication Concern and Eisner. There after he joined National Comics. The concept of a heroic figure clad in sinister costume that ironically resembled that of a villain was drawn from McCullys â€Å"Zorro† and Walter Gibsons â€Å"The shadow." Kane cites the mask of Zorro as an inspiration to formulating Batman. Other films mentioned as progenitors of the batman franchise are, the 1930 film â€Å"Bat whispers† from which the idea of the bat motif was adopted and

More Choice Is Desirable To Less Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

More Choice Is Desirable To Less - Essay Example This paper will use the rational choice theory to provide an explanation of the reasons why having more choices is beneficial, when compared to limited choices. The rational choice theory is a theoretical application which assumes that people will make good choices, that gives them the greatest satisfaction and benefit. These choices will always work, in accordance with their interests. It is important to explain that resources are scarce, and because of their scarcity, there is an increase in the demand of using these resources. Based on this factor, some of the services provided by stakeholders are limited; hence customers have little choices on the kind of service to choose or access. However, it is important to explain that expanded choices have the capability of creating the utility to people. Utility refers to the ability of a good or product to satisfy the needs and wants of people. The availability of more choices normally has an impact of creating utility, and this is becaus e people will have a variety of products to choose from, which in turn may help in the satisfaction of the needs of the people under consideration. Take for example; people may have different tastes in the movies that they watch. One individual may love different movies, at different times. For instance, after working hard for about one week, an individual may prefer to watch comedy for entertainment. On a Sunday, the same person may prefer to watch a serious drama. This is because he would achieve utility or satisfaction, only if he or she watches movies on these days. Based on these facts, movie theaters that offer a wide range of movies have the capability of satisfying these needs and wants. Based on the principles of rational choice theory, an individual would choose to watch a movie that best suits his or her needs.

Cover letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cover letter - Essay Example iting helps in the examination of the companies’ financial statements and report on internal controls in accordance with General Accepted Accounting Principal, while taxation helps different taxpayers, either individual or corporation in the preparation of tax returns. However, after doing some research, my in-depth analysis of the true meaning of being a tax doctor is described below. It is a job that helps in checking the health of the taxpayer’s return and assist taxpayers avoid unnecessary return audit. Tax doctors represent taxpayers to the central government. Therefore, the first ingredient is to nurture and build a trustworthy relationship with clients. I still remembered once when I volunteered at Volunteer Income Assist Program, I met a client, who had concerns on issues related to conservative and privacy. The person did not want to give answer to any questions that was asked, even about the basic information such as address and phone number. Besides, the person felt shy of speaking with our team. Therefore, I first explained the reason for asking the basic information to file the tax return and explain every detail about the each step of doing the preparing of tax. My patient and professional explanation, gradually the person began answering the questions, and kept inquiring when confused for clarification. Finally, I successfully finished tax return and the person was grateful and appreciating. Second, in order to prevent clients from probable audit risk, tax doctor should have advance knowledge on the trends, change, and procedures of the IRS. The ability to research and solve problem is also important. I participated in a PwC CaseCompetition in August 2013. Our case was to solve a given state tax problem and help increase the state’s tax revenue. As a group leader, I led my team members to analyze and to discuss the case at hand. We found that we could raise taxation on the gas, cigarette and amusement to help the government increase its

Western Culture. Wal-Mart in Germany and Carrefour in South Korea Essay

Western Culture. Wal-Mart in Germany and Carrefour in South Korea - Essay Example However these multinational corporations through the imposition of their own culture on the international societies fail to gain a wider acceptance in such markets. Thus in the subsequent period Wal-Mart and Carrefour both had to gain retreat from international markets like Germany and South Korea respectively. (Culture at Wal-Mart, p.68; Jung-a, 2006). Wal-Mart in Germany The retail giant, Wal-Mart based in Arkansas in United States had expanded its operations to gain access to international markets like Germany. However during 2006 the multinational retail company unfortunately had to wind up its operations from the country owing to a cultural conflict. The problem with Wal-Mart operating in Germany was that it failed to adjust its operational practices based on the existing culture of the German society. The sales staffs at Wal-Mart were trained to gain nearness to the customer by pitching sales standing at a ten-foot distance to them. These people endeavored to maintain eye conta cts with the customers while demonstrating their product and shared greetings and smile with them. However the German people not used to such cultural paradigms misunderstood them, which created the main problem. Further the staffs at Wal-Mart also helped the food and grocery marketers with their stuffed bags. These practices were dramatically assumed to be erroneous by the German population to which the management of the company paid little attention. German people who came face to face with operation staffs at Wal-Mart busy in conducting gossips and romances totally shunned such relationships for which they started developing a negative attitude towards the company. However the management of Wal-Mart did little to change the operational practices and in rendering training to the staff in behave in a likely manner with the customers. They only recruited German managers to help reduce the cultural gap. However unfortunately such action taken by the company in gaining customer attent ion also failed to generate any positive responses. The company, which was also surpassed by the German retailers in terms of sales and revenue gradually, quit its operations from the country during 2006 (Culture at Wal-Mart, p.68). Carrefour in South Korea

Property Crowd Funding Position Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Property Crowd Funding Position - Essay Example There are three types of crowdfunding, which include donation, debt, and equity. Donation crowdfunding is mostly related to noble causes, where most people decide to invest simply for they believe in the purpose of Crowdfunding. Similarly, debt crowdfunding is based on the concept of peer-to-peer lending process1. In debt crowdfunding, the entire process revolves around lending money, wherein the investors expect to receive their interest on their invested amount and thus, gain profits. In this case of debt crowdfunding, along with the financial returns, investors also aim at gaining the benefit of contributing to the success of a particular purpose, which they believe as worthwhile. Additionally, in the case of equity crowdfunding, people invest in exchange for equity. Fundamentally, here the money is exchanged with the shares. Correspondingly, it can be stated that when the funding is successful, the community’s share value goes up, and vice-versa2. It is worth mentioning in this regard that both debt crowdfunding and equity crowdfunding can be related to property crowdfunding concepts, wherein investors tend to buy a real estate in order to sell it or let it out in order to obtain profits or returns. Aimed at elaborating on the context of property crowdfunding, the discussion henceforth will elaborate on two main themes, which are property or real estate and crowdfunding. In the view of today’s competitive global business world, crowdfunding in real estate has emerged as a new investment option with secured high returns for many. It was following this augmentation in the rate of property crowdfunding that the Jumpstart Our Business Startups (JOBS) Act of 2012 was brought into effect in the US. This new rule was intended to allow all the investors from every income level to gain direct access to the real estate market with the help of crowdfunding.  

Evidence week three Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evidence week three - Essay Example ant facts that can be used to resolve the conflicts that regularly arise between nurses and pregnant mothers will be identified and used in the nursing field to create a harmonious coexistence. Presumable, nurses regularly perceive mothers diagnosed with diabetes with discernment (Eadara et al., 2010). Using the PICOT format my question will be: Question: How do expectant mothers diagnosed with diabetes relate to nurses and how do they perceive reporting their blood sugar levels to their healthcare givers within the first 6 months? (Eadara et al., 2010). The question is both qualitative and quantitative. It will use a mixed research design to enable a proper analysis of data and/or information and uncover the real facts underlying GDM and Preeclampsia (Eadara et al., 2010). Using a mixed design will also allow me to reference data appropriately and eventually derive knowledge that can contribute to the growth of evidence-based knowledge in nursing. This is a great case to refer to from the nursing examination strategies and methodologies utilized within the course contemplate by the people. This is among the greatest obscurities being in the nursing field and profession in the entire world since it is a nearly related viable action done by the attendant specialists as a careful investigation. According to Houser, the fall and damage cases have been on the ascent and essentially interfaced to the nature of nursing mind in the locale specified. Houser states that the examination is about the reason for fall and harm cases and its answer (Sudbury et al., 2007). The name of the examination database is called "Fall and Injury Prevention". This is pointed at securing what reasons individuals to fall and be presented to damages and what sort of individuals are obliged to give answer for these cases. It has been secured that numerous individuals get wounds from tumbling down on the floor or on articles and need fitting medical caretak er administer to their damages. A

Intergenerational Family Violence Essay Example for Free

Intergenerational Family Violence Essay The family violence has taken a new toll in the current times. The family violence has become very common indeed and the number of offenders in these crimes has increased far beyond the reach. The cases originate on daily basis and the statistics show that most of the times victims are females who are physically and mental abused in different ways. In these scenarios it has been observed that these events cause much more damage to the children who watch these events often. The child abuse on the other hand has also become debatable as the cases increase. The intergenerational family violence might not have been studied before but it has always been available to study whenever there is an event of family violence. The human nature is based on social learning theory. It is the human tendency to watch the behaviors and then try to implement in their personalities (Murrell et al, 2007). Behaviorists have put forward the theory that the social learning theory is applicable only when if it triggers a change in the behavior of the observer whereas the theorists say that the learning process is an ever going process and it is not incomplete if it doesn’t cause any change in the behavior (Kernsmith, 2006). Whatever the theorists and behaviorists state about the social learning theory, it is evident that the observations of these events cause damage to the future lives of those who watch these family violence events. Postmodern thinking supports these claims, stating that individuals â€Å"create the social reality for their behavior according to how they interpret norms in particular milieus† (Markward, 1997). Child abuse has different effects on the victims. Some children after these events become reserve and some become violent. Even also watching the abusing of their mothers in front of them creates a negative notion in their minds about the realities of life (Pollak, 2004). This is the learning process as described by the theorists. The observations made by child make a deep impact on the mind intentionally or unintentionally. Sometimes the action doesn’t come right after the observation. It is dependent about the mental strength of the individual on how much extreme extent he has to formalize his mind towards these events. But surely the mind is working as the interpretation process continues from time to time (Kernsmith, 2006). In order to cause change the mind works in such a way to determine how much impact such event has made. For example, continuous abusing observations might make the child to become violent at times, even if he is not violent the aggregation of emotions might be taking place in his mind which makes him to get reserved to the situations from time to time. A time comes when the mentality of the child becomes harnessed by the violent activities and he also starts to become violent at times (Corvo, 2006). Thus the change has been triggered in the behavior of the child after looking at these abusing events continuously. This makes the situation awful not only for the child because by this way they cause different violent activities and the victims may increase in numbers depending upon the strength of activities (Pollak, 2004). The violent psychology taken forward by the children has been creating lot of issues. The US population is filled with those who have tensions grown up in their households due to different financial and emotionally problems (Kernsmith, 2006). These usually end up fighting and one of them getting beaten. The children also come down in the impact of these fighting resulting in long term future damage to their lives. The behaviorists say that the children have a tendency to attract to those thing quickly which make a deep impact on their mind and heart. They are emotionally immature at early stages and an action like abusing them or their parents can increase their interest towards these activities (Murrell et al, 2007). It has also been observed that the continuous family violence has been exhibited by those who have gone through this violence before in their lives when they were young (Corvo, 2006). Thus an event like this happening in their early lives provides them the luxury to be like them in the future as they commit family violence by abusing their children and their spouses. Many researchers have observed a relation between the events happening in an early age of a young one when he experienced violence and those offences which he committed when he was adult. This phenomenon is now known as intergenerational transmission of violence and aggression. Researchers believe that the pattern of social learning theory makes its mark by providing the model to the child as he also sees the positive results due to this violence (Kernsmith, 2006). Most often the result of abusing her mother by her father results in the victory of the father due to his aggressive attitude and then therefore inherits these positive results to implement them in his behavior. Learning theories, such as socialization, social learning, and elements of feminist theory, asserts that behaviors are learned throughout our lives through our interactions with others. This is how the socialization then gets affected by the family violence as it is then exhibited outside the homes (Corvo, 2006). The social learning theory is based on the study of behaviors. With change in behaviors the extremism of these violent acts can be configured by the child as he observes all these events. When we critically evaluate the works of the researchers we come to know that there theories are practical and are very close to reality. That is, formally it was believed that the social learning theory doesn’t have any impact on the child’s behaviors and how he interprets different things and scenarios differently. These theories are nevertheless were thought to be just taught in the classrooms without any practical implementations to be viewed. But certain examples with results have provided the evidence that each and every action is based on some behavior and behavioral change in the children. Alan Sears has been the follower of the social learning theory and he stated the change to be inevitable in each case. It, however, depends upon the current and future scenarios when the person feels the extreme need to behave in a particular order. According to Hume Lock’s theory of empiricism the child mind is a blank slate after he is born. He just starts to observe things when his mind becomes little bit old. But still the child doesn’t have any ability to differentiate between the things quickly. He first acknowledges difference between things and then tries to remember them. The object of family violence plays its part when the child starts to learn these behaviors and try to compare them with others in contexts of their results. This learning process binds these actions in his mind and produce intimidation. The intimidation is considered as the urge of something to do. This urge is the force that drives the child to implement those actions which he had learnt over time and time. Now when this intimidation gets extreme, the action follows (Pollak, 2004). The strength of the action will be less at first but the result might be satisfying for him thus providing him the strength to commit this again. These continuous steps will make the child habitual of these things and the interpretation of things and difference between good and bad become ineligible in the mental stature of the child. The intimidation process is then followed by reinforcement. The reinforcement is the final phase of the social learning theory where the mind of the person has become mature enough to stand by his rules and principles and actions which he first observed and then followed over the course of his. The string of these events has made the mind to do violent as a good act and the maturity of the man accepts these actions as inevitable to bring about a change in others as well. In order to clearly view the reasons of these violent activities we have to go through a number of research steps through the prison record checks and the information provided by various NGOs. This information depicts the facts that the family violence is caused by difference in mental statures of the two who are involved. The gender differences, the act of domination by male on his spouse, the financial and emotionally tensions and the mentality of the person of his childhood when he would have experienced such event and would have thought that it will be better off to get aggressive and make people agree by force rather than negotiations, thus providing a lot easier battleground to them to conquer (Pollak, 2004). The intergenerational transmission of family violence has made the problems to arise in whole of the America. There are very common cases of these events taking place on common basis. People get hurt physically without any reasons and the innocent children who grow up by being abused or watching get people abused try to implement these behaviors afterwards. In order to remove these kinds of violent activities it is imperative that the laws should be made more severe for those who are adult and also they have to provide a facility where they can control their aggression and should be treated for the change in behaviors. The children which have been affected by these events should be taken in for great care as to change their pattern of thinking process which could benefit them in their future lives. References Murrell, Amy R. Christoff, Karen A. Henning, Kris R. (2007). Characteristics of Domestic Violence Offenders: Associations with Childhood Exposure to Violence. Springer Science + Business Media. Corvo, Kenneth. (2006). Violence, Separation, and Loss in the Families of Origin of Domestically Violent Men. Kernsmith, Poco. (2006). Gender Differences in the Impact of Family of Origin Violence on Perpetrators of Domestic Violence. Pollak, Robert A. (2004). An Intergenerational Model of Violence. Springer Verlag.

Mercutio In Romeo And Juliet

Mercutio In Romeo And Juliet In the play Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare has created several memorable characters, aside from the witty, humorous, and theatrical character of all time Mercutio. Mercutio is neither Capulet nor Montague, but is portrayed as a very close friend to Romeo. Yet Mercutio and Romeo both very dissimilar views on love and on life in general. This is clearly conveyed through Mercutios witty wordplay and language within the play. Primarily the prologue in Romeo and Juliet plays an important role in giving information on were the play is set and what it is about. Shakespeare begins with the most renowned line in literature two households emphasize the theme family, Montagues and Capulets both alike in dignity yet involves another theme power. The prologue also introduces fatalism to the audience as the word star-cross`d lovers suggests stars determining destiny and the words cross`d lovers foreshadow the death of the lovers. The juxtaposition of antithetical ideas in the prologue creates the effect of anticipation and suspense , Shakespeare uses antithesis such as Death ,love and life to summarise the key themes and to foretell and intensify that a tragedy will take place. Mercutio can represent a number of comparisons and contrasts to other characters by means of his quick wit and optimistic attitude. In Act 1 Scene1 the themes hate and conflict are extremely expressed through the characters Benvolio and Tybalt. The character Tybalt is seen as very vulgar and aggressive since he chooses to emphasise on the words hate and hell, he then goes onto say I hate, all Montagues suggests he is only interested in fighting the Montagues and everything he seems to say is negative and full of frustration and disgust. In addition Benvolio, one of Mercutios close friends is seen as the peace maker, unlike Tybalt he is determined to stop the fighting and keep the peace . While Benvolio is calm, sensible and reliable, Mercutio tends to be sarcastic that follows his emotions, but is still remembered as this distinctive dramatic character. Whats more, Prince Escalus the voice of authority appears onto scene and demands for the fight to stop. Shakespeare uses antithesis in the Princes speech you men, you beasts to show his reaction, furthermore the prince can be seen as a character with such emotion as he begins to use violent imagery and says quench the fire of your evil hate and throw your Mistemper`d weapons suggests he is a mediator, like Benvolio and would like to see the feuds in Verona to stop. The juxtaposition of antithetical ideas in the quote Disturb our streets again he proclaims your lives shall pay the forfeit of the peace foreshadows the death of Mercutio and Tybalt. Later on in the Scene, the themes friendship, loyalty and love are expressed through Romeos unrequited love for Rosaline. When describing her physical beauty to Benvolio, Romeos descriptions are dreamy yet depressing. Shakespeare displays courtly love through the character Romeo and his infatuation for Rosaline when he begins to pine in despair out of her favour and then uses oxymorons O brawling love! O loving hate! to create a dramatic effect by swiftly switching two major themes together love and hatred , also creates confusion and gives an impression that he is self absorbed and immature. Throughout the scene Benvolio calls Romeo coz and this shows their extremely strong relationship also Benvolio is seen as a loyal and considerate friend when he continuously questions tell me in sadness ,the word sadness highlights the strong bond and respect between the two friends. On the other hand, Shakespeare presents the character of Romeo as over exaggerated and melancholy when Romeo use s hyperbolic language to convey his obsession with Rosaline he compares himself to a sick man in sadness, suggests his conceited mentality. In addition another very close yet different friend to Romeo is a character called Mercutio. Shakespeare chooses to include this humorous and spontaneous character after the audience has seen Romeo and his lovesickness, to create a dramatic effect by showing their opposing views on love. Mercutio, Benvolio and Romeo all sneak into the house of Capulets hoping that Romeo will enliven as Mercutio tells Romeo he must dance shows their close and friendly friendship. Romeo can be seen as depressing when he using a metaphor on the word soul while talking about Mercutios nimble soles referring to his own soul being stuck to the ground. Then Romeo expresses his confusion by saying is love a tender thing he goes onto create bestial imagery by describing love as rude , boisterous and pricks like a thorn gives us his mix yet positive views on love . Nevertheless Mercutios attitude towards love, contrast as he advises Romeo to retaliate back to love by prick love for pricking and beat love down shows he has a negative overview on love. The words prick and beat also show how frustrated he is and that he doesnt want his infatuation to ruin their friendship, we begin to see a diverse side that conveys he is kind and caring. Mercutio begins to mock Romeo with witty wordplay and sceptics when Romeo talks about having had a dream; Mercutio delivers a nonsensical speech on Queen Mab being the fairies midwife who rides a chariot made of an empty hazelnut suggests that all desires and fantasies are corruptive and futile .Shakespeare juxtaposes certain words together with antithetical ideas ,giving a reflection on Mercutio by the use of vivid images of opposing lawyers and lovers , soldiers and fairies also refers to some opposing themes in the play such as love and hatred. Moreover the misogynistic view in the speech about Queen Mab riding over soldiers neck and violent vivid imagery of cutting foreign throats foreshadows death and fighting by giving a negative vision that the whole concept of dreamers and being in love is dangerous as well as substantial. Through the Queen Mab speech Mercutio degrades women, yet captivates the audience in talking nonsense creates humour. In Act 2 scene1, the theme of true love is conveyed when Romeo has seen beloved Juliet he climbs onto the Capulets wall, whilst Mercutio and Benvolio call out for Romeo, Mercutio mocks Romeos infatuation for Rosaline shouting Madman , lover and refers to Venus the roman goddess of love. Then Mercutio uses the theme of petrachan love to describe Rosalines high forehead and scarlet lip to tease Romeo. Shakespeare uses dramatic irony as we as readers know its not Rosaline, Romeo loves. However Benvolio has a lot of concern for Romeo as he says if he will hear it will anger him; Mercutio on the other hand thinks it cannot anger him signifies Mercutio is a better friend as he tells the truth to benefit Romeo. Shakespeare uses satirical irony when expressing the theme of loyalty between Mercutio and Romeo. He describes Rosaline as a pale Hard-hearted wench and then uses imagery to describe Romeo as dead and stabbed , but due to love not hatred creates another dramatic effect of the role of Mercutio. Mercutios interaction with Romeo grows strong as he clearly states Romeo isnt strong enough to encounter Tybalt at a duel he then begins to mock Tybalts fashionable fighting by calling him the prince of cats tells us he is brave to protect Romeo. Mercutio also uses rhetorical language when insulting Romeo on groaning for love? conveys his cynical belief on love. Shakepeare has also displayed the character of Mercutio as both outrageous and fascinating when he mocks the nurses weight, comparing it to a sail! and calls her ancient tells us Shakespeare has done this to create wittiness and also to drive the entire play forward. Plus Mercutio and Romeos rapid interchange, indicates Romeo is quick to understand Mercutios witty wordplay. Furthermore the character Benvolio is displayed as blood and patient, when he tries to stop Mercutio to scape a brawl Mercutio begins to aggravate Benvolio in saying he will quarrel with a man for cracking nuts suggests Benvolio isnt quick to comprehend Mercutios clever wordplay. Mercutio also likes creating a scene when Benvolio tells Tybalt and Mercutio to reason coldly of their grievances , Mercutio seems to not care in saying let them gaze ,his own arrogance is leading to the tragedy of his death. When Tybalt insists in fighting with Romeo , Shakespeare uses dramatic irony in portraying the character of Romeo to be an innocent , love puppy who talks about loving the Capulets name as his own foreshadows the relationship of Romeo and Juliet. Ultimately the scene changes from bawdy comedy to dramatic tragedy when the role of the comic foil in the play comes to an end. Mercutio uses a metaphor and visual imagery when provoking Tybalt in comparing him to a good king of cats who has Nine lives represents his loyalty towards Romeo. Shakespeare dramatises Mercutios death as it hides his feelings over humour creating theatrical tension, Mercutio uses powerful language in cursing the two feuding families a plague on both of your houses he then goes onto using repetition whilst being sarcastic Ay , ay ,a scratch signifies his strong and brave personality all to protect Romeos Honour. By killing of the character of Mercutio, the character of Romeo changes from a romantic archetypal petrachan lover to a villian who kills Tybalt.

Essay --

Ghana is a country located on the west coast of Africa, the Gold Coast. Known for having the best oil reserves in the world, Ghana’s other exports such as timber, diamond, manganese, cocoa, gold, and bauxite are what feed the country’s economy. The main source of aluminum comes from the aluminum ore, Bauxite. Bauxite was first discovered by Sir Albert Kitson in the year 1914. Although found in 1914, it took 14 years for the mining of Bauxite was allowed by the British Aluminum Company, this mining took place at Awaso. The British original source of bauxite was France until they’re supply was caught off during World War II. Once again, after being given the â€Å"ok† to begin mining, it took until the 1940s, when a railroad was built connecting Awaso with a port in Takowardi, for Ghana to actually begin the mining of Bauxite.in 1974, Ghana received 55% of the British Aluminum Companies shares and in the same year, the International Bauxite Association accepted Ghana as member. The purpose of the International Bauxite Association association was to logically maintain and promote the trade and development of the bauxite industry. In 1941 the Ghana Bauxite Company began working on the mining site in Awaso and has been ever since. It is said that the site in Awaso, after all these years of mining, has reserves of Bauxite to last over 3 more decades. In other areas of Ghana including regions of Ejuanema, Nyinahin, and Kibi,, there are some reserves that are said to be capable of lasting over a century. These reserves are capable of lasting for such long periods of time due to the majority of mining that occurs at Awaso. Ghana’s first president, Kwame Nikrumah, had dreams of industrializing the country in order make forward strides toward a m... ... to the local levels? These regions suffered severely due to the degradation of air, water and the environment due to mining activities. These areas gain nothing from the mining of bauxite. Living conditions in these areas have nearly deteriorated. With all of the pollution from the mining there have been many health impacts on the societies that surround these mining areas such as skin diseases and malaria. With all of the production it would be expected that there would be many job opportunities but all of the mining generated no employment. Between 1992 and 1998 over 1,000 jobs were lost in the Tarkwa mining region. Next to farming, Mining is the most important aspect of Ghana’s foundation. Bauxite mining had huge economic and social impacts on Ghana. Although some were more negative than others, it is apparent how important the mining had been to the nation.

William Faulkner Essay -- essays research papers

William Faulkner   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Faulkner is one of America's most talked about writers and his work should be included in any literary canon for several reasons. After reading a few of his short stories, it becomes clear that Faulkner's works have uniqueness to them. One of the qualities that make William Faulkner's writings different is his close connection with the South. Gwendolyn Charbnier states, 'Besides the sociological factors that influence Faulkner's work, biographical factors are of great importance…'; (20). Faulkner's magnificent imagination led him to create a fictional Mississippi county named Yoknapatawpha, which includes every detail from square mileage of the county to the break down of the county population by race. Faulkner's work also includes stories from the past and present. David Minter says, 'His works take us into regions and spaces we can never directly know, and also back in the time to worlds lost before we were born'; (Preface X). Of course, Faulkner's personal life has added a certain amount of excitement to his audiences. Faulkner's stories are known to reflect experiences from his own familiar life. William Faulkner should be mentioned along with any collection of classic authors because of his remarkable use of the past and present, as well as for his meticulous detail and comprehensive knowledge of the South in his writings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Faulkner's background is a very important detail that will help his readers understand the psychological implications of what he wrote and to appreciate his work. William Faulkner was born in New Albany, Mississippi, on September 25, 1897. His parents were Murry and Maud Faulkner. He married Estelle Franklin in 1929. They had two children together, both daughters. The first daughter was named Alabama, and she died nine days after her birth. Jill, the second daughter, outlived her father. William Faulkner died July 6, 1962 at the age of 64. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letter in 1948 and won the Nobel Prize for Literature two years later in 1950. Although William Faulkner's life had the same chronological events as the average person, his life was far more complex an interesting than that of the average person. Faulkner tried to keep his personal life a secret, but he was woefully unsuccessful. Among many of Fa... ... collection of great authors. The five differentiating characteristics of literature are creative or visionary, specific forms, culturally and historically based, meant to provide enjoyment, and open to interpretation and intellectual challenge. William Faulkner's writing is a perfect example of what literature is meant to be like because it holds each on of the characteristics to be true. William Faulkner is known for his ability to write about the old South. Leslie A. Fiedler states that 'Faulkner [is] primarily a historian of Southern culture, or a canny technician whose evocations of terror are secondary to Jamesian experiments with 'point of view''; (384). William Faulkner's writings are unique compared to other writers because of the way that Faulkner presents the South in comparison from past to present and his ability to make the reader wonder about the point of view. Faulkner's writings are enjoyable and open the reader up to a world of interpretation and intellectual ch allenge. All of the qualities make William Faulkner's stories literature. However, it is how these qualities are shown to the reader that make William Faulkner fit to be included within any literary canon. William Faulkner Essay -- essays research papers William Faulkner   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Faulkner is one of America's most talked about writers and his work should be included in any literary canon for several reasons. After reading a few of his short stories, it becomes clear that Faulkner's works have uniqueness to them. One of the qualities that make William Faulkner's writings different is his close connection with the South. Gwendolyn Charbnier states, 'Besides the sociological factors that influence Faulkner's work, biographical factors are of great importance…'; (20). Faulkner's magnificent imagination led him to create a fictional Mississippi county named Yoknapatawpha, which includes every detail from square mileage of the county to the break down of the county population by race. Faulkner's work also includes stories from the past and present. David Minter says, 'His works take us into regions and spaces we can never directly know, and also back in the time to worlds lost before we were born'; (Preface X). Of course, Faulkner's personal life has added a certain amount of excitement to his audiences. Faulkner's stories are known to reflect experiences from his own familiar life. William Faulkner should be mentioned along with any collection of classic authors because of his remarkable use of the past and present, as well as for his meticulous detail and comprehensive knowledge of the South in his writings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Faulkner's background is a very important detail that will help his readers understand the psychological implications of what he wrote and to appreciate his work. William Faulkner was born in New Albany, Mississippi, on September 25, 1897. His parents were Murry and Maud Faulkner. He married Estelle Franklin in 1929. They had two children together, both daughters. The first daughter was named Alabama, and she died nine days after her birth. Jill, the second daughter, outlived her father. William Faulkner died July 6, 1962 at the age of 64. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letter in 1948 and won the Nobel Prize for Literature two years later in 1950. Although William Faulkner's life had the same chronological events as the average person, his life was far more complex an interesting than that of the average person. Faulkner tried to keep his personal life a secret, but he was woefully unsuccessful. Among many of Fa... ... collection of great authors. The five differentiating characteristics of literature are creative or visionary, specific forms, culturally and historically based, meant to provide enjoyment, and open to interpretation and intellectual challenge. William Faulkner's writing is a perfect example of what literature is meant to be like because it holds each on of the characteristics to be true. William Faulkner is known for his ability to write about the old South. Leslie A. Fiedler states that 'Faulkner [is] primarily a historian of Southern culture, or a canny technician whose evocations of terror are secondary to Jamesian experiments with 'point of view''; (384). William Faulkner's writings are unique compared to other writers because of the way that Faulkner presents the South in comparison from past to present and his ability to make the reader wonder about the point of view. Faulkner's writings are enjoyable and open the reader up to a world of interpretation and intellectual ch allenge. All of the qualities make William Faulkner's stories literature. However, it is how these qualities are shown to the reader that make William Faulkner fit to be included within any literary canon.

Death Penalty :: essays research papers fc

1st Negative case You have heard from the affirmative side and you may disagree or agree with some of their points, but the reality is that their plan will not and cannot succeed in today’s society. True, on paper the plan looks very good, but it will not work. Today’s present system, with the death penalty is much better off then without it. The negative side, which my partner and I represent, feels that the death penalty should not be abolished and that today’s system, which allows states to choose if they want to impose the death penalty, should continue to be used. It is true that innocent people have been executed, but that number is miniscule compared to the amount of â€Å"true† criminals that are rightfully executed. There is 28-step procedure necessary before any person can be given a death sentence. By having the process consist of numerous steps and involving many different people, human error is greatly reduced. The death penalty is not raciall y or gender bias, much to the contrary of what the affirmative team believes. The fact is that men commit more crimes, so they will be convicted at a greater rate then women. The ratio of men to women on death row and executed is 68:1 or 3400:50 (NAACP Spring 1996). From 1976-1994, men committed 7 times as many murders as women or a 7:1 ratio (Sourcebook ’94). Therefore, it may be statically shown that men are, by a 70:1 ratio, more likely to be on death row then are women. Like gender bias, racial bias is nonexistent in the rulings involving the death penalty. Whites represent 56% of those executed, and blacks 38% (NAACP Summer of 1996). The other 6% are other minorities. The death penalty is not bias to any race, but by just looking at the numbers it may seem that it is. The total populations of each race will give the illusion of bias, but that is not true. The affirmative side also argues that the cost of life in prison without parole is much cheaper then the cost of the death penalty, but this, like their charge of bias, is also untrue. The death penalty is millions cheaper then life without parole in the long run, but when our numbers are compared to the affirmative’s numbers no right or wrong conclusion can be reached. No one team can give impartial numbers since studies by both sides are bias.

One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest Essay

The six psychological approaches are biological, learning or behavioral, cognitive, sociocultural, psychodynamic, and humanistic. Each approach is unique in its own way and used by psychiatrists to diagnose the problem. A biological approach is applied when the there is a known medical condition. The medical condition normally connects to mental health, and the solution comes from therapy. This particular approach looks at the whole body. The learning or behavioral approach is all about analyzing the person’s the behavior and modifying their behavior biased on their response to the environment. This approach works from positive and negatives items in their environment, and is sometimes cured by brings these elements in and out of their life to fix the problem. The events in the environment can be rewards or punishments that will influence the patients behavior. The cognitive perspective is about understand a patients thinking and understanding. How we process, store, and retrieve information influences our behavior. It is said that all problems are located in the brain, and using this perspective you can find a medical issue that is affecting how the brain is working. The sociocultural approach is when the mental health has something to do with the environment that deals with growth. The culture in which the patient is a large factor. In a psychodynamic approach an individual’s problem is inside the unconscious mind. This can be from a dramatic event that happened earlier in their life. Sometimes the cure can be from the patient themselves accepting the fact, or acknowledging that they have a problem. The final approach is a humanistic approach. This is about individual or self directed choices that influence behavior. This approach deals with the physical health of a patient to eventually cure their mental health. There is a well known philosophy that a healthy mind equals a healthy body. In this approach, a psychologist will control the patients diet and exercise to regain their mental health. The hospital used many methods on the mentally ill patients. They had group counseling scheduled every day where Mrs. Ratchet interrogated the patients and made them feel uncomfortable. The hospital also had electric shock therapy and lobotomy as other treatment methods. Also, the hospital gave the patients medicine, this is a biological approach, even though it was given to these people unwillingly. Mrs. Ratchet also allowed McMurphy to receive a vote in order to watch the ball game and she bended the rules or was too strict in order to win her position. This is a behavioral approach because McMurphy watched the baseball probably in his normal environment at home. She teased him with the thought of watching the game as a reward, then took it away. McMurphy had behavioral or learning approach. He would congratulate people when they did things he thought were good and he would yell at them when he thought they did something bad. For example, when McMurphy taught Chief how to shoot a basketball, he cheered after every point he made. The other patients looked up to and really admired McMurphy, which put him in a very powerful position. He had a strong effect on the other patients and they really admired him. Chief Bromden’s recovery began when McMurphy came to the hospital and started talking to him and making him do tasks. McMurphy worked on chief to see if he was smart enough to complete simple tasks. The first step was him raising his hands above his head at the basketball court, which was the first movement he had done in his whole time being there. Before chief wouldn’t handle directions from others very well. His next step was raising his hand to vote on watching the baseball game, which McMurphy also encouraged greatly. Later, McMurphy rounded up the patients to play some basketball. McMurphy passed the ball to Chief and he shot it, which was followed by him beginning to follow orders and run up and down the court. The final step was when McMurphy gave him the gum before Electroshock Therapy and the Chief spoke fo r the first time at the clinic. After this, chief revealed his intelligence to McMurphy. Ken Kesey was always very interested, and was very talented with the subject of psychology. In 1959 he volunteer to take part in a study named Project mkultra  , this was a CIA funded project dealing with psychoactive drugs. Some of the drugs included were LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, cocaine, AMT, and DMT. This and his work at the state veterans hospital, which gave him access to LSD, inspired him to write One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. At the state veterans hospital, Kesey spent a lot of time talking to the patients. sometimes under the influence of the hallucinogenic drugs with which he had volunteered to experiment. Kesey did not believe that these patients were insane. Kesey believed that society had pushed them out because they did not fit in the the culture, and that they just wanted a place to keep all the mentally ill. I think that Kesey was trying to convey to people at mentally ill hospitals were treated in a bad manner. He tried to show people that the mentally ill were probably sheltered away from everybody just because they were different. The hospital portrayed in the film didn’t seem to help the patients out or want them to recover and go home. They seemed to have no rights. These patients adjusted to this lifestyle and didn’t want to leave, that is a problem when the assumed goal was to improve these people’s problems. The rewards from good behavior seemed nonexistent and He also wanted to show how cruel the punishments were in the hospital. â€Å"Psychedelic 60s: Ken Kesey & the Merry Pranksters. † Psychedelic 60s: Ken Kesey & the Merry Pranksters. University of Virginia / Charlottesville, Virginia, 16 Dec. 2009. Web. 19 Sept. 2012. . I really enjoyed One flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest. I thought the movie was genius. There were parts of humor, and it kept you interested and wondering so many things. I enjoyed that there were many main plots and side plots, like the hospital verses the patients, or the patients versus their own recovery. McMurphy was a very mysterious character, because he was crazy, and nobody could figure out if there was anything wrong with him. I though that putting him in that section of the hospital was a mistake, because he is so manipulative and high functioning that he abused all the hospital’s loop-holes. At the same time he was very good for the patients. I also enjoyed the character and all their different problems and personality differences. I enjoyed watching how Billy and the Chief progressed mentally throughout the film. I also love the thought of people breaking structure, and that is what McMurphy definitely succeeded in. This movie very closely related to psychology, because it directly dealt with people who were mentally ill. Also psychology was involved when McMurphy used his genius mind to go against the hospital in various ways. Thinking of these schemes uses a large amount of psychology. Even for the viewers, the movie left you deep in thought, with predicting and questioning what is going to happen next. This movie made you think deeply making this a very psychological movie.